The bug

The doLimitedCrafting gamerule does not affect anything other than the crafting table.

The likely reason is that this gamerule initially affected crafting tables, which are only for one player. However, multiple people can access a furnace, which is probably why they didn't add support for these yet. The gamerule also doesn't support the campfire.
The fact that it doesn't support the stonecutter though is more of a bug/an oversight

Possible solution: Let's say a player without the cooked beef recipe tries to cook it in a furnace. The furnace simply won't start. However, if a player with the right recipe accesses the furnace afterwards, it should start smelting whatever is in it. If one of the players in the furnace GUI have the recipe, it should start no matter what (and not stop if someone without said recipe checks on the furnace).
About the campfire, simply make it impossible to put an item on it without the recipe. The stonecutter is also pretty straightforward.

How to reproduce

Set the DoLimitedCrafting gamerule to true, remove one of the furnace recipes from your recipe book (i'll used cooked beef in the furnace for example) then try to cook the raw variant of the beef in the furnace. it will still cook.