We've run into the same issue as MCPE-181058, but we have found a reliable way to reproduce this:

1. Make a new singleplayer world in 1.21.22 (or use attached).
2. Join the world with a second player for easier killing, but it also works in singleplayer using /kill.
3. place a bed at x = 112 and one at x = 111.
4. let the second player stand at the same x pos as the bed (see the attached picture)
5. make them click the bed, destroy the bed, then kill them.
6. observe that if the player & bed were at 111, they will respawn at world spawn.
7. observe that if the player & bed were at 112, they will get stuck on the respawn screen.

From our further testing here are some more observations:

• if either X or Z coordinate is at or above 112 it will trigger the issue
• it's not a problem anymore if the other coordinate is -97 or below (-96 is still a problem)
• it doesn't seem to be very consistent, as in it doesn't seem to span a huge rectangle of chunks - but at least it seems to be chunk based.
• bed position doesn't matter, death position doesn't matter, only the position of the player when clicking the bed
• it happens on singleplayer worlds as well as singleplayer worlds that has friends join in them
• it does NOT happen in worlds that were created on dedicated servers while on said server
• it however does happen in worlds that were created in singleplayer and then copied to dedicated servers
• This seems to be an issue if the world spawn is at 0 0 (default), -1 0, 0 -1; but not at 1 0 or 0 1. (y always -60 in my test case) At least not in the areas previously identified.

I hope some of these infos help figure out where the issue is coming from, as it's currently a massive issue with a map we're making.

Here is a testrun, with one test per chunk. green chunks mean respawn worked, red chunks mean the player got stuck on the respawn screen. up is +x, right is +y, the gold block is 0 0, the raw gold blocks are the blocks on -1.

I've attached the same tests with different world spawn locations, they are labeled x_z by the respective spawnpoint.