The effect hunger does not increase the amount of food you lose when you specify a level above 223. The hunger effect makes you lose 1 hunger (half a meatsicle) per second for every 8 levels, starting from 0 (7,15,23,31,..). This works fine up until the level 223, where it makes you lose 28 hunger. Any level after that makes you lose 28 hunger too. Note that it first drains your saturation, and only after that drains the actual hunger bar, so there is 40 hunger in total to drain when full.

Recreate using:

/effect @p minecraft:saturation 1 100
/effect @p minecraft:hunger 1 223

You will end up with 12 food and 0 saturation. Then do:

/effect @p minecraft:saturation 1 100
/effect @p minecraft:hunger 1 255

You will also end up with 12 food and 0 saturation.