When standing at certain positions of worlds and looking at certain directions, I get a black unrendered chunk that appears then disappears when I look away.

It is hard to reproduce because I don't know what causes it. But I still see it quite a lot when just walking around the world. Usually just going underground and looking around you may see it.

The 4th picture shows the glitch not happening then the 3rd is where the glitch does happen.

A theory I have for the problem is that the chunks only render when you are looking in their direction to make the fps higher. You can see this when first joining or starting a world. The chunks in from of you load, then when you look behind you the chunks behind just start loading. This is probably due to the openGL that Minecraft uses which only renders visible blocks. This also might cause errors for people with higher FOVs because the openGL doesn't register their whole point of view as existing so it is not rendering to the edge of the screen.