When shooting a mob with a bow or crossbow enchanted with one of the following, the enchantment will work as if the attack was melee:

• Sharpness
• Smite
• Bane of Arthropods
• Impaling
• Looting
• Knockback
• Breach

There are also a few that will not work:

• Fire Aspect
• Wind Burst
• Sweeping Edge (but it still shows up in the tooltip)
• Density

This only works with bows and crossbows; a snowball with Sharpness will deal no extra damage when thrown. Also, the enchanted_hit particle is not displayed when a mob takes extra damage from a melee enchantment in this way.

To reproduce

1. /give @s bow[minecraft:enchantments={levels:{"minecraft:smite":5}},minecraft:custom_name='{"text":"Smite Bow"}']

2. /summon minecraft:zombified_piglin ~ ~ ~ {NoAI:1b}

3. Shoot the zombified piglin
   The piglin died in one hit due to the Smite damage