If a thrown Trident "hits" an Enderman — by passing through it and causing it to teleport away — the Trident will be unable to damage or collide with any other mobs, Players, or other entities until it is picked up. This applies to Tridents thrown both by Players and Drowned.

These Tridents are still able to interact with and push buttons and pressure plates.

Trident not dealing damage after being thrown through an Enderman by a Player

Trident not dealing damage after being thrown through an Enderman by a Drowned

This is similar to / may be the same issue as MC-130151.