In previous versions of the game, when trees check for sufficient air space above them to grow (both with bonemeal or randomtick-based), they would ignore both dirt blocks and logs and consider them as air for generation purposes. However, in current versions, dirt blocks are no longer ignored by tree growth. Considering that this change was not documented in the change notes, this is likely a bug.

The attached image below should hopefully clarify the issue if I have not been clear - none of the saplings in the image will grow.

Checked with single jungle, spruce, birch and oak in 1.19 and 1.19.1rc2.