If a player has the inventory of a trapped chest open and is moved beyond the range at which the trapped chest stops emitting a signal, the trapped chest will break. It will no longer emit a signal when opened, nor will it play opening/closing sounds or animations.

I tested this with the player being moved via minecart and water, for which the bug manifested. However, it does not seem to manifest when the player moves away by falling.

Notably, the player does not need to be moved to the point at which the trapped chest's inventory is forced to close. Instead, there is a shorter range at which the trapped chest stops emitting a signal, but the player still has access to its inventory. If the player closes the inventory at this time, the trapped chest still breaks as described above.

The only way to fix the bug seems to be to break and replace the chest.

If the bug was created in a single chest, placing another chest next to it will properly create a double chest, but only the new side of the chest will emit a signal. The double chest will also play opening/closing sounds and animations.

If the bug was created in a double chest, both sides will be broken as first described. If one of the sides is broken, the remaining singles chest will also be broken as first described. If that side is then replaced, the chest will behave as described when a single chest is turned into a double chest.

If the bug is created in a double chest with one broken side and one working side, the working side breaks.

I suspect that the bug manifests in each trapped chest block individually, but creating the bug in a double chest causes both blocks to break, as (I believe) they share the same tile entity, which is somehow updating them improperly.