When the player is given a high level of levitation, all initially seems fine—the player drifts to the ground at variable speed. But taking damage, whether in the air or on the ground, results in an immediate catapult up into the atmosphere.

Steps to reproduce:
1. Give the character a high level of levitation (/effect give @p minecraft:levitation 15 252)
2. Find or create a source of damage (/summon zombie)
3. Shoot up into the air