I tried this out in 1.12, 1.13 and 1.14, and it only worked in 1.12:

These exact actions happen... (keybinds are default, as far as I remember, middle click to pick block, right to place, left to break, wasd to move etc)

Create new world, super flat - redstone ready preset.

place a note block on the "ground" and click 3 times to get the pitch to A.

Ctrl + middle click on the block

What should happen (as far as I'm aware) is a new block appears in my hotbar if there's space with the same item, but with purple (+NBT) text to show there is data in the item.

1.12 - everything happens as normal and as expected.

1.13 - it basically ignores the ctrl press, as if I had only pressed the middle click

1.14 - it basically ignores the ctrl press, as if I had only pressed the middle click

I also checked with chests, and in 1.14 with signs, and the ctrl + middle click functionality works fine in all versions with those, so the issue seems only to be with note blocks in 1.13 +.