To reproduce, run the following commands in tandem:

/setblock ~1 ~ ~ stone
/setblock ~1 ~ ~ air destroy

After the second, you'll note the stone was destroyed as expected. However, the message "Could not set the block" appears in chat, and the command's result and success return values are both 0.

I was unable to obtain this behavior using any block other than air to replace the first. I was unable to obtain different behavior by trying to replace different blocks, including air itself. Note /setblock ~ ~ ~ air default destroy succeeded when replacing air in 1.12.2.