Some subtitles show up even if the player is too far away to hear the sound. So far I have found:

• Bottle smashes
• Bat takes off
• Minecart rolls (plays whenever a minecart is spawned or loaded; not actually while moving)

This is best reproduced on a Superflat world with the "Void" preset (with subtitles on of course).

To reproduce bottle:
Fly up to around y=40 and throw a bottle; the "Bottle Smashes" subtitle should appear even though the player is well out of the audible range. It will show up to y=67 if you throw straight down.

To reproduce bat:

• Type "/setblock 0 10 0 stone" and spawn a bat under a stone block (manually using a spawn egg).
• Fly up to around y=60 and type "/setblock 0 10 0 air"; "Bat takes off" should show up.

This may relate to:
MC-95930 Subtitles showing XP pickup from a very far distance
MC-91163 Incorrect subtitles (no such sound plays)/Subtitle shows when sound cannot be heard yet