In 1.13.0.9, most effects are fixed. Please read comment below.

In summary

Block effects at the Lower South-East (X+, Z+, and Y-) override blocks closest to entities.

In depth

When the lower north-west portion of an entity's hitbox interacts with blocks while that portion is hanging off of the block's north or west edge, the next interaction point is chosen in this order: less than 3 blocks down (Y-), less than 3 blocks south (Z+), then less than 3 blocks east (X+); negating the actual closest block if it so happens to be anywhere north, west, or less than .375 blocks under the lowest point of the entity's hitbox (bottom trapdoor, carpet, scaffolding, repeater, comparator, composter, lily pad etc.) (Not a stonecutter, any slab, enchanting table, lectern, fence, wall, hopper, end portal frame, brewing stand, bell, campfire, cauldron, or daylight detector).

If there isn't a block to interact with, different portions of the lower hitbox are used until any block, including physics-less blocks (buttons, pressure plates, tall grass, vines, signs, water, lava, torches, fence gates, etc.) is found (If not, air could be used, making the stone sound, but I'm not sure.) This is easily reproduced with shulkers, boats, or a trapdoor placed at the bottom of a block space (but is possible with any placeholder block), combined with a slime block or farmland. Anything that counts as a block can be used, but slime blocks and farmland are easier since the slime block bounce effect and the farmland trampling effect occurs when the player "interacts" with it by jumping.

In gameplay

Another way to reproduce this is to make an area made of one block (planks) surrounded by another block (grass blocks). Run along the inside edge of the area about .3 blocks inwards, then run along the outside of it at the same distance. This should produce different/ unintentional sounds and particles of those two blocks.

In this video, I use trapdoors to allow entities (myself) to mimic sneaking off of a block to help with testing for this bug (a completely different issue, but still useful).