The Bug:
Sometimes this crashes the game.

Throwing an ender pearl through an end portal will teleport you to the coordinates where the game would put you in the new dimension, but does not change dimensions. (100, 50, 0 for the obsidian platform when in the overworld and the spawn coords (y is the highest block in the dimension you're already in) when in the end.

This will not teleport you to your bed's coordinates in the end when used in the main end portal.

The same is not true for nether portals. For these portals, the pearl will hit the portal and disappear.
Notes: The pearl must be thrown so that it can travel through the portal before it hits a block. Since this can take a second, throwing it from a low angle works best for replication. I was able to replicate the Overworld behavior on a test world but not the End behavior. In neither of the worlds I tested was I able to make this work in the nether. When it won't work, the expected behavior is true.

Expected behavior:

The ender pearl will either disappear or go straight through the portal without changing dimensions.

Actual behavior:

The ender pearl teleports the player to the position an object changing dimensions would go to, but the dimension does not change.