I tried to download and run the latest version of Minecraft (1.19.3) using the launcher and was met with an error regarding the download:

Failed to download file.
Name: comforting_memories.ogg
URL: https://resources.download.minecraft.net/ca/cab779f1a15d9fe49bcc975d077717ebd1f87cda
Error details: transfer closed with 2709383 bytes remaining to read
Filename on disk: cab779f1a15d9fe49bcc975d077717ebd1f87cda
Path: C:\Users\felix\AppData\Roaming\.minecraft\assets\objects\ca\cab779f1a15d9fe49bcc975d077717ebd1f87cda
Exists: Nonexistent

I then tried clicking "play" once again, to be met with this error:

Unable to locate the Java runtime.
Error details: 0x00000000 - system: unknown error
Filename on disk: javaw.exe
Path: C:\Users\felix\AppData\Local\Packages\Microsoft.4297127D64EC6_8wekyb3d8bbwe\LocalCache\Local\runtime\java-runtime-gamma\windows-x64\java-runtime-gamma\bin\javaw.exe
Exists: Nonexistent

All installation settings had been left as default. 

I checked the folder: C:\Users\felix\AppData\Local\Packages\Microsoft.4297127D64EC6_8wekyb3d8bbwe\LocalCache\Local  only to find no "runtime" folder located within. It appears the runtime bundle was not downloaded with the installation.

I have re-installed the launcher, both from the executable from minecraft.net as well as installed it from Microsoft Store (after uninstalling once again)

I have also re-installed Java just in case that was an issue.
I also played Minecraft roughly 6 months previously with no issues at all.