The effects Luck and Bad Luck don't work when a double chest is opened, but the effects work when a simple chest is opened.

1: Place the file updated_table_loot.json in the folder:
.minecraft\saves\ MAP_NAME \data\loot_tables\test\chests\

2: Use the command:
/give @p minecraft:chest{BlockEntityTag:{LootTable:"test:chests/updated_table_loot"}} 1

3: Place and open the chest with effect Luck or Bad Luck.

4: Place and open an another chest (a double chest) with effect Luck or Bad Luck.

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Look the screenshots in Attachment for the examples.

_{Sorry for my bad english.}

Code analysis by marcono1234 can be found in this comment.