I expected to load up a world and to play on a server in 1.8.3 after not playing for a while. I downloaded the newest version of Java and the minecraft launcher.

When I first start up minecraft, the display looks completely normal on the home screen. When I loaded up a new world or went into a server, all the block graphics were either solid black or completely invisible, and mob graphics did not load up either, but their behavior and presence is still there. Strangely, particle effects seemed to work just fine. Also, when entering a multiplayer server, chat display, menu box texts and other texts disappeared and did not come back, even after exiting they were still messed up. The launcher itself worked just fine.

I do not know how this glitch occurred in the first place, so I have no idea how it might have happened.
Included are 4 screenshots of the incident and a crash report from a forced crash that may help with troubleshooting.