I consider these bugs related to each other. If you build the machine in the 2nd photo (the piston is sticky), update the piston if it is not extending and retracting (place a block next to it), exit the world, and open the world (you might have to do this a few times), 2 glitches can happen. Either the piston will be BUDded (even though it had been updated before the world is closed), or the piston is glitched. The piston will be retracted, but the head is still there. The piston will not extend, until the piston is moved by another piston (this will also make the piston head break).