Well there isn't much to add about this, most of it is seen on the screenshots.
Also, if I look up, then at a certain angle, I can observe some transparent blocks on the surface flicking on and off whenever I turn in an opposite direction.
After I discovered this, I started updating my drivers and Java one by one and after each update, I checked, if the problem was gone or not. But I wouldn't be posting this, if any of those updates helped.