This applies to mobs that shoot arrows as well as tridents and potions (that means the bug likely occurs with most projectiles). The exception seems to be breezes, however, which work correctly.

Steps to reproduce:

1. Dig a two deep hole.
2. Spawn a skeleton in the hole.
3. Change your gamemode to survival.
4. Jump in the hole.
5. The skeleton consistently attempts to shoot the player but fails to hit them.