Summary:
In survival and adventure mode, bows cannot be drawn without arrows in the inventory. If you draw the bow while having an arrow in the inventory and remove the arrow from your inventory, it will not shoot an arrow when released. However, before 24w09a, in survival and adventure mode (and spectator mode although shooting arrows in spectator mode is unintentional per MC-81773), bows with the infinity enchantment would still shoot an arrow even if no arrows were in the inventory when released, which may have been unintentional but made sense. As of 24w09a, this no longer works and may be intentional.

Steps to reproduce:

1. Put an infinity bow in your offhand, you can use this command:

   item replace entity @s weapon.offhand with bow[enchantments={levels:{"minecraft:infinity":1}}] 1

2. /clear @s #minecraft:arrows

3. Put an arrow in your mainhand.
4. Be in survival or adventure mode.
5. Draw the bow.
6. Drop the arrow.
7. Release the bow.

Observed results:
No arrow was shot.

Expected results:
An arrow should be shot just like before 24w09a.

Video:
before 24w09a: Minecraft 24w07a_bow.mp4
after 24w09a: Minecraft 1.20.6_bow.mp4