To reproduce:

1. Use the below command to give yourself a stone sword with the enchantments tag disabled.

/loot give @s loot {"pools":[{"rolls":1,"entries":[{"type":"minecraft:item","name":"minecraft:stone_sword","functions":[{"function":"minecraft:set_components","components":{"!minecraft:enchantments":{}}}]}]}]}

2. Attempt to rename the stone sword in an anvil.

You cannot rename the stone sword in an anvil, despite the minecraft:custom_name component not being disabled.