How to Reproduce:

Enter the following command consecutively as quickly as you can. You'll notice that each time you run it, the sounds will get louder and louder until it's pretty much intolerable.

/fill ~ ~ ~ ~10 ~ ~10 minecraft:chorus_flower

If you're feeling especially brave, you can try a repeating command block with `replace minecraft:air` appended to the aforementioned command.

I was doing some more testing after others said that they couldn't reproduce it, and I discovered that this occurs strictly when I have my headphones plugged in. Perhaps it's a driver issue instead or a problem with the headphones?