The bug

When the entity inflicting the damage in the /damage command is a spectral arrow or tipped arrow, the status effect and on fire status of the spectral arrow or tipped arrow will not be applied.

Reproduce steps

1. Summon a skeleton.
2. Shoot the spectral arrow or tipped arrow on the ground with a bow.
3. Use the following command:
   Tipped arrow

   /damage @p 1 minecraft:arrow by @e[type=minecraft:arrow,limit=1] from @e[type=minecraft:skeleton,limit=1]

   Spectral arrow

   /damage @p 1 minecraft:arrow by @e[type=minecraft:spectral_arrow,limit=1] from @e[type=minecraft:skeleton,limit=1]

4. Found that no status effect was caused after the damage was done.