Recently downloaded Minecraft on a new computer and have checked all computer settings, as well as attempting a variety of different resolutions from previous versions that had this issue as well and nothing that I've tried has caused the sound nor the subtitles to return. The issue persists from the start screen through into the game. Hopefully this can be resolved and won't be an issue in later versions of the game.

Edit: Screenshots added at request

Edit: Sound will come through headphones plugged in normally, but not through the usb interface I have my headphones plugged in through. I would not like to have to switch my headphone to a different jack each time I'd like sound.