this bug only occurs on server with high ping. the server i'm currently playing on gives me about 300 on average
while on a high ping server just create a tower of dirt a hundred blocks high, then start mining it with an efficiency 5 diamond shovel. you will break blocks faster then the server can receive data, causing the server to think you are inside a block which leads to you being ejected away from the center of the block and in most cases, off the tower entirely

this issue can also cause player velocity to be reset while breaking blocks and walking towards the blocks they just broke, while breaking furnaces my position will be reset constantly