Using Static IP (on server)
Added new Inbound port rule to allow Any Source, Destination Any for port ranges 19132-19133 on Any Protocol.
fresh copy of the VM
Installed https://aka.ms/vs/15/release/vc_redist.x64.exe to get some c++ runtimes working
ran bedrock_server.exe both clients (win10, iphone) failed
disabled server 2016 firewall and tried again on both clients
still get Unable to Connect to World

Everything else is default (on the servers)

Azure VM is pretty much default Windows Server 2016 image with the only real non-standard things being, I allowed RDP and allowed 19132-19133

It tested before on Azure with version 1.6.1.0 and it worked then (server 2012)
I still have the server (the clients are updated and it won't work on 2012 because of chakra.dll)

One thing different in the bedrock console window
In 1.6.1.0 the status goes
IPv4 supported, port: 19132
IPv6 supported, port: 19133
Listening on IPv6 port: 19133
Listening on IPv6 port: 19132

But on 1.8.0.24
IPv4 supported, port: 19132
IPv6 supported, port: 19133
Server started

Not sure if the console got changed to be "Server Started" instead of "Listening on x port: y" or if 1.8.0.24 should say Listening on port 19132?